Hong Kong International Airport (HKIA), located on the reclaimed island of Chek Lap Kok, has been Hong Kong’s primary airport since its opening in 1998, replacing the former Kai Tak Airport[1][2][8]. Built at a cost exceeding $20 billion, the airport expanded Hong Kong’s landmass by about 1%, symbolizing a massive infrastructural achievement[1]. It operates 24 hours daily and serves as the main hub for major carriers like Cathay Pacific, Hong Kong Airlines, and Hong Kong Express Airways, among others[1][3]. HKIA is one of the world’s busiest airports, especially notable for its cargo operations, handling over five million tonnes annually, with a total air cargo capacity projected to eventually reach nine million tonnes per year[3]. It connects approximately 150 global destinations through around 120 airlines, making it a crucial regional transshipment center and passenger gateway to Asia and beyond[2][3]. The airport plays a vital economic role, employing roughly 65,000 people and supporting commerce and tourism in Hong Kong[1][2]. The airport has continuously evolved with significant upgrades such as the Terminal 1 extension (operational since 2019), which added check-in counters, baggage reclaim carousels, and various passenger services[2]. Technological innovation is central to HKIA’s operations, exemplified by the development of an advanced Digital Apron and Tower Management System (DATMS), which supports airport and air traffic control operations through state-of-the-art digital platforms, reinforcing HKIA’s status as a leading smart airport[5][7]. HKIA also boasts one of the world’s largest terminal buildings and one of the largest standalone cargo terminals, SuperTerminal 1, emphasizing its scale and capacity[1][3]. Despite challenges such as the COVID-19 pandemic and natural disruptions like typhoons, the airport has demonstrated resilience, maintaining operations and focusing on enhancing connectivity, especially in high-growth Southeast Asian and Indian market